Risk Factors for Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacterales in Thailand

Abstract

The dissemination of multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales (MDRE) in community settings is becoming a great concern. This study aimed to assess the incidence and risk factors associated with community-acquired urinary tract infections (CA-UTIs) caused by MDRE. A prospective case–control study was undertaken among patients with UTIs visiting an outpatient department in Phitsanulok Province, Thailand. Urine samples were collected and screened to include only patients with Enterobacterales infections. Risk factors were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Of the 284 patients with CA-UTIs, 25.7% (n = 73) and 74.3% (n = 211) were positive for MDRE (case) and non-MDRE (control), respectively. Being a farmer was identified as an independent risk factor for MDRE-associated CA-UTIs (adjusted odds ratio = 3.101; 95% confidence interval = 1.272–7.564; p = 0.013). A total of 309 Enterobacterales isolates were recovered, and Escherichia coli was the most frequently detected (86.4%). The highest resistance rate was observed for ampicillin (67.0%), followed by ciprofloxacin (34.0%) and cotrimoxazole (32.7%), while resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone) and levofloxacin remained <20%. Resistance to ampicillin–gentamicin–cotrimoxazole was the most common pattern among MDRE isolates. Interestingly, we detected a colistin-resistant Enterobacter cloacae harboring mcr-9 (colistin MIC = 16 µg/mL). mcr-9 was transferable at high frequency (4.5 × 10−4) and resided on IncF plasmid. This study demonstrates that being a farmer is a risk factor for MDRE-associated CA-UTIs. Interestingly, this is the first report to identify mcr-9-positive E. cloacae from a Thai patient in the community.