The Impact of Modern Bone Markers in Multiple Myeloma: Prospective Analyses Pre and Post-First Line Treatment

Abstract

Multiple myeloma, the disease characterized by the malignant proliferation of plasma cells that invades the bone marrow, produces osteolytic lesions and secretes monoclonal proteins. Several biomarkers have been shown to represent important tools in the pathogenesis of myeloma and offer insights into bone degradation and formation. The objectives of this current study were to assess the associations of modern biomarkers (TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor; IFN: Interferon; FreeRANKL: Free Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor kappa B Ligand; RANKL: Receptor Activator for Nuclear Factor kappa B Ligand, Beta crosslaps, IL-6: Interleukin 6) with osteolytic lesions status after first-line treatment and to evaluate the correlations between modern and classical biomarkers (LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase; VSH: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate; Hgb: Hemoglobin, Calcium, Albumin, B2microglobulin) stratified by osteolytic lesions status. A total of 35 patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma divided into two groups according to the osteolytic bone lesions, were studied: (1) unchanged status of osteolytic lesions and (2) changed status of osteolytic lesions. After fist-line treatment, we found a significant difference in Albumin (p = 0.0029) and Calcium levels (p = 0.0304), patients with a changed status in osteolytic lesions having higher values of Albumin and Calcium compared to those without changes in status of osteolytic lesions. After first-line treatment, decreased IL-6 values were significantly correlated with elevated values of Albumin (ρ = −0.96, p = 0.0005) in the patients with changed status of osteolytic lesions. Post-treatment values of IFN showed a significant positive correlation with Hemoglobin (ρ = 0.47, p = 0.0124), IL-6 (ρ = 0.55, p = 0.0026) and TNF-alpha values (ρ = 0.54, p = 0.0029). The results obtained from patients with unmodified lytic lesions identified a significant correlation between the biomarkers IL-6, Free RANKL, and IFN-beta with the classical marker LDH. This association highlights the involvement of these markers in promoting bone destruction and the development of osteolytic lesions.