The Effects of Temperature and Time of Heat Treatment on Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Custom-Made NiTi Orthodontic Closed Coil Springs

Abstract

Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) springs have been increasingly used in orthodontics; however, no optimum condition of heat treatment has been reported. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the optimum heat-treatment temperature and duration for the fabrication of NiTi-closed coil springs by investigating their effects on thermo-mechanical properties. As-drawn straight NiTi wires of 0.2 mm diameter were used to fabricate closed coil springs of 0.9 mm lumen diameter. The springs were heat-treated at three different temperatures (400, 450, and 500 °C) with three different durations (20, 40, and 60 min). Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to investigate element composition and thermo-mechanical properties, respectively. Custom-made NiTi closed coil springs composed of 49.41%-Ti and 50.57%-Ni by atomic weight, where their DSC curves of 500 °C presented the obvious endothermic and exothermic peaks, and the austenite finish temperature (Af) were approximately 25 °C. With increasing temperature, deactivation curves presented decreased plateau slopes generating higher superelastic ratios (SE ratios). At 500 °C, closed coil springs showed superelastic tendency with lower stress hysteresis. The thermo-mechanical properties were significantly influenced by heat-treatment temperature rather than duration. The optimum parameter appeared to be 500 °C for 40 min to produce appropriate force delivery levels, relatively low plateau slope, and lower hysteresis for orthodontic use.