Effect of the Size and Location of Liquid Cooling System on the Performance of Square-Shaped Li-Ion Battery Modules of an Electric Vehicle

Abstract

As the core powertrain component of electric vehicles, batteries release heat when charging and discharging due to the chemical reactions between the battery elements and internal resistance. To avoid problems resulting from abnormal temperatures, such as performance and lifespan issues, an effective battery cooling system is required. This paper presents a fundamental study of battery module liquid cooling through a three-dimensional numerical analysis. CFD numerical tests as conducted here are based on the heat transfer characteristics and on the liquid cooling theory, and the temperature distribution and thermal conductivity are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using Simcenter STAR CCM+ version 2016 (Siemens Digital Industries Software, Plano, TX, USA). A simulation uses a square-shell lithium-ion battery-made module with two different liquid cooling systems at different positions of the module. The results of the numerical study indicate that the bottom cooling system shows a better battery module temperature difference that is approximately 80% less than that of the side cooling system. For the side cooling system, it is better in terms of the maximum temperature of the battery module, which is approximately 20% lower than that in the bottom cooling system, but this system does not offer very good control of the temperature difference, which is also its greatest shortcoming compared to the bottom cooling system.