Automatic Segmentation of Teeth, Crown–Bridge Restorations, Dental Implants, Restorative Fillings, Dental Caries, Residual Roots, and Root Canal Fillings on Orthopantomographs: Convenience and Pitfalls

Abstract

Background: The aim of our study is to provide successful automatic segmentation of various objects on orthopantomographs (OPGs). Methods: 8138 OPGs obtained from the archives of the Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology were included. OPGs were converted into PNGs and transferred to the segmentation tool’s database. All teeth, crown–bridge restorations, dental implants, composite–amalgam fillings, dental caries, residual roots, and root canal fillings were manually segmented by two experts with the manual drawing semantic segmentation technique. Results: The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for both inter- and intra-observers for manual segmentation was excellent (ICC > 0.75). The intra-observer ICC was found to be 0.994, while the inter-observer reliability was 0.989. No significant difference was detected amongst observers (p = 0.947). The calculated DSC and accuracy values across all OPGs were 0.85 and 0.95 for the tooth segmentation, 0.88 and 0.99 for dental caries, 0.87 and 0.99 for dental restorations, 0.93 and 0.99 for crown–bridge restorations, 0.94 and 0.99 for dental implants, 0.78 and 0.99 for root canal fillings, and 0.78 and 0.99 for residual roots, respectively. Conclusions: Thanks to faster and automated diagnoses on 2D as well as 3D dental images, dentists will have higher diagnosis rates in a shorter time even without excluding cases.