Placental and Umbilical Cord Anomalies Diagnosed by Two- and Three-Dimensional Ultrasound

Author:

Santana Eduardo,Castello Renata,Rizzo GiuseppeORCID,Grisolia Gianpaolo,Araujo Júnior EdwardORCID,Werner Heron,Lituania Mario,Tonni GabrieleORCID

Abstract

The aim of this review is to present a wide spectrum of placental and umbilical cord pathologies affecting the pregnancy. Placental and umbilical cord anomalies are highly associated with high-risk pregnancies and may jeopardize fetal well-being in utero as well as causing a predisposition towards poor perinatal outcome with increased fetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. The permanent, computerized perinatology databases of different international centers have been searched and investigated to fulfil the aim of this manuscript. An extended gallery of prenatal imaging with autopsy correlation in specific cases will help to provide readers with a useful iconographic tool and will assist with the understanding and definition of this critical obstetrical and perinatological issue.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Clinical Biochemistry

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