Enhanced Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants by Novel Samarium-Doped Zinc Aluminium Spinel Ferrites

Abstract

ZnAlFe1−xSmxO4 (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08) spinel ferrites were successfully obtained for the first time via a sol–gel autocombustion technique using citric acid as the combustion/chelating agent. These materials were then employed as photocatalysts for the degradation of Evans Blue, considered herein as a model organic pollutant. The XRD and FTIR analysis confirmed the achievement of pure spinel ferrite structures for all the materials. TEM analysis showed that the average particle sizes decline from about 27 for the undoped material to 17 nm for samarium-doped materials, and the magnetic characterization at room temperature indicated the paramagnetic conduct for the studied samples. All the photocatalysts were active in Evans Blue photodegradation. The best photocatalytic performances were observed for the ZnAlFe0.94Sm0.06O4 formulation and explained by the smallest values calculated for lattice parameter, interplanar distance, and particle-size values. By adding H2O2 and applying the modelling and optimization of the photocatalytic process for the best material, the half-life of the pollutant decreased significantly from 115 min to about 7 min (about 16-times), and the colour-removal efficiency was almost 100%.