Comparison of Navel Orangeworm Adults Detected with Optical Sensors and Captured with Conventional Sticky Traps

Abstract

Attractants used with sticky traps for monitoring navel orangeworm include artificial pheromone lures, ovipositional bait (ovibait) bags, and phenyl propionate; however, the sticky traps have the limitations of potentially becoming ineffective because of full or dirty glue surfaces and of having access to data dependent on increasingly expensive labor. A study comparing detection with a commercially available pseudo-acoustic optical sensor (hereafter, sensor) connected to a server through a cellular gateway found similar naval orangeworm activity profiles between the sensor and pheromone traps, and the timestamps of events in the sensors was consistent with the behavior of navel orangeworm males orienting to pheromone. Sensors used with ovibait detected navel orangeworm activity when no navel orangeworm were captured in sticky traps with ovibait, and the timestamps for this activity were inconsistent with oviposition times for navel orangeworm in previous studies. When phenyl propionate was the attractant, sensors and sticky traps were more highly correlated than for pheromone traps on a micro-level (individual replicates and monitoring intervals), but there was high variation and week-to-week profiles differed. These results indicate that these sensors represent a promising alternative to sticky traps for use with pheromone as an attractant, but more research is needed to develop the use of sensors with other attractants. These results will guide developers and industry in transfer of this promising technology.