Interleukin-21 Influences Glioblastoma Course: Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Author:

Repici Alberto1,Ardizzone Alessio1ORCID,Filippone Alessia1,Colarossi Cristina2ORCID,Mare Marzia2,Raciti Gabriele34,Mannino Deborah1,Cuzzocrea Salvatore1ORCID,Paterniti Irene1,Esposito Emanuela1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 98166 Messina, Italy

2. Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy

3. IOM Ricerca, Via Penninazzo 11, 95029 Viagrande, Italy

4. Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy

Abstract

Brain tumors represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms involving the brain or nearby tissues, affecting populations of all ages with a high incidence worldwide. Among the primary brain tumors, the most aggressive and also the most common is glioblastoma (GB), a type of glioma that falls into the category of IV-grade astrocytoma. GB often leads to death within a few months after diagnosis, even if the patient is treated with available therapies; for this reason, it is important to continue to discover new therapeutic approaches to allow for a better survival rate of these patients. Immunotherapy, today, seems to be one of the most innovative types of treatment, based on the ability of the immune system to counteract various pathologies, including cancer. In this context, interleukin 21 (IL-21), a type I cytokine produced by natural killer (NK) cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes, appears to be a valid target for new therapies since this cytokine is involved in the activation of innate and adaptive immunity. To match this purpose, our review deeply evaluated how IL-21 could influence the progression of GB, analyzing its main biological processes and mechanisms while evaluating the potential use of the latest available therapies.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Medicine

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