Rapid and Green Preparation of Multi-Branched Gold Nanoparticles Using Surfactant-Free, Combined Ultrasound-Assisted Method

Abstract

The conventional seed-mediated preparation of multi-branched gold nanoparticles uses either cetyltrimethylammonium bromide or sodium dodecyl sulfate. However, both surfactants are toxic to cells so they have to be removed before the multi-branched gold nanoparticles can be used in biomedical applications. This study describes a green and facile method for the preparation of multi-branched gold nanoparticles using hydroquinone as a reducing agent and chitosan as a stabilizer, through ultrasound irradiation to improve the multi-branched shape and stability. The influence of pH, mass concentration of chitosan, hydroquinone concentration, as well as sonication conditions such as amplitude and time of US on the growth of multi-branched gold nanoparticles, were also investigated. The spectra showed a broad band from 500 to over 1100 nm, an indication of the effects of both aggregation and contribution of multi-branches to the surface plasmon resonance signal. Transmission electron microscopy measurements of GNS under optimum conditions showed an average core diameter of 64.85 ± 6.79 nm and 76.11 ± 14.23 nm of the branches of multi-branched particles. Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy was employed to characterize the interaction between colloidal gold nanoparticles and chitosan, and the results showed the presence of the latter on the surface of the GNS. The cytotoxicity of chitosan capped GNS was tested on normal rat fibroblast NIH/3T3 and normal human fibroblast BJ-5ta using MTT assay concentrations from 50–125 µg/mL, with no adverse effect on cell viability.