Do Phagostimulants, Alone or Combined with Ammonium Acetate, Di-Ammonium Phosphate, and Acetic Acid, Effectively Attract Both Sexes of Peach Fruit Flies, Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae)?: Insights from Laboratory and Field Bioassays

Author:

Nisar Muhammad Junaid1,Gogi Muhammad Dildar1,Abbasi Asim2ORCID,Atta Bilal3ORCID,Yousafi Qudsia4,Ul Haq Inzamam5ORCID,Subhan Mishal6ORCID,Ali Hayssam M.7ORCID,Alsakkaf Waleed A. A.7,Basiouny Mohamed S.8

Affiliation:

1. Integrated Pest Management Laboratory, Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan

2. Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan

3. Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku 39020, Pakistan

4. Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan

5. State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, MOE, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China

6. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, Multan 66000, Pakistan

7. Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

8. School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt

Abstract

Laboratory and field assays of three sets of experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of different phagostimulants alone and in combination with other phagostimulant lure sources, such as ammonium acetate, DAP, and acetic acid, on the attractancy of both sexes of B. zonata. In the first experiment, the laboratory olfactometer study revealed that out of eleven phagostimulants, banana, mulberry, mango, guava, molasses, and protein hydrolysate exhibited moderate attractancy (15.2–60.2%) to B. zonata. Unexpectedly, banana and protein hydrolysate were demonstrated to be highly attractive phagostimulants for starved female B. zonata (53.6% and 60.2%, respectively). In the field study, none of the tested phagostimulants exhibited high attractancy; however, banana, mulberry, protein hydrolysate, guava, mango, and molasses demonstrated moderate attractancy (5.6–35.6%) to B. zonata. In the second experiment, out of five phagostimulant-mixtures, phagostimulant-mixture-4 proved highly attractive (40.5–68.6% and 45.5–51.2%), followed by phagostimulant-mixture-3, which proved to be moderately attractive (17.0–22.5% and 28.4–36.1%) to B. zonata in olfactometer and field studies, respectively. In the third experiment, out of five phagostimulant-AdMixtures, phagostimulant-AdMixture-4 demonstrated strong attractiveness in the olfactometer (41.6–68.7%) and field studies (52.7–58.7%) for B. zonata, while the rest of the AdMixtures demonstrated moderate to no attractiveness for B. zonata. So, phagostimulant-AdMixture-4 with GF-120 could be used in the development of a phagostimulant bait station which attracts the maximum B. zonata population and ultimately provides pest-free fruits to the farmers

Funder

King Saud University

Publisher

MDPI AG

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