Are Surface Electromyography Parameters Indicative of Post-Activation Potentiation/Post-Activation Performance Enhancement, in Terms of Twitch Potentiation and Voluntary Performance? A Systematic Review

Author:

Gallardo Philip1ORCID,Giakas Giannis1ORCID,Sakkas Giorgos K.1ORCID,Tsaklis Panagiotis V.123ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, ErgoMech-Lab, University of Thessaly, 421 00 Trikala, Greece

2. Department Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Growth and Metabolism, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Solna, Sweden

3. Center of Orthopaedics and Regenerative Medicine (C.O.RE.)/(C.I.R.I.), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece

Abstract

The aim was to identify if surface electromyography (sEMG) parameters are indicative of post-activation potentiation (PAP)/post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE), in terms of twitch potentiation and voluntary performance. Three databases were used in April 2024, with the following inclusion criteria: (a) original research, assessed in healthy human adults, and (b) sEMG parameters were measured. The exclusion criteria were (a) studies with no PAP/PAPE protocol and (b) non-randomized control trials. The following data were extracted: study characteristics/demographics, PAP/PAPE protocols, sEMG parameters, twitch/performance outcomes, and study findings. A modified physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale was used for quality assessment. Fifteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with a total of 199 subjects, were included. The M-wave amplitude (combined with a twitch torque outcome) was shown to generally be indicative of PAP. The sEMG amplitudes (in some muscles) were found to be indicative of PAPE during ballistic movements, while a small decrease in the MdF (in certain muscles) was shown to reflect PAPE. Changes in the Hmax/Mmax ratio were found to contribute (temporally) to PAP, while the H-reflex amplitude was shown to be neither indicative of PAP nor PAPE. This review provides preliminary findings suggesting that certain sEMG parameters could be indicative of PAP/PAPE. However, due to limited studies, future research is warranted.

Publisher

MDPI AG

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