Affiliation:
1. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPIITA. Av. IPN No. 2580, Col. La Laguna Ticoman, CDMX 07340, Mexico
2. Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Panamericana, Augusto Rodin 498, Ciudad de México 03920, Mexico
Abstract
Currently, algorithms to embed watermarks into digital images are increasing exponentially, for example in image copyright protection. However, when a watermarking algorithm is applied, the preservation of the image’s quality is of utmost importance, for example in medical images, where improper embedding of the watermark could change the patient’s diagnosis. On the other hand, in digital images distributed over the Internet, the owner of the images must also be protected. In this work, an imperceptible, robust, secure, and hybrid watermarking algorithm is presented for copyright protection. It is based on the Hermite Transform (HT) and the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) as a spatial–frequency representation of a grayscale image. Besides, it uses a block-based strategy and a perfectibility analysis of the best embedding regions inspired by the Human Vision System (HVS), giving the imperceptibility of the watermark, and a Singular-Value Decomposition (SVD) approach improved robustness against attacks. In addition, the proposed method can embed two watermarks, a digital binary image (LOGO) and information about the owner and the technical data of the original image in text format (MetaData). To secure both watermarks, the proposed method uses the Jigsaw Transform (JST) and the Elementary Cellular Automaton (ECA) to encrypt the image LOGO and a random sequence generator and the XOR operation to encrypt the image MetaData. On the other hand, the proposed method was tested using a public dataset of 49 grayscale images to assess the effectiveness of the watermark embedding and extraction procedures. Furthermore, the proposed watermarking algorithm was evaluated under several processing and geometric algorithms to demonstrate its robustness to the majority, intentional or unintentional, attacks, and a comparison was made with several state-of-the-art techniques. The proposed method obtained average values of PSNR = 40.2051 dB, NCC = 0.9987, SSIM = 0.9999, and MSSIM = 0.9994 for the watermarked image. In the case of the extraction of the LOGO, the proposal gave MSE = 0, PSNR ≫ 60 dB, NCC = 1, SSIM = 1, and MSSIM = 1, whereas, for the image MetaData extracted, it gave BER = 0% and Berror=0. Finally, the proposed encryption method presented a large key space (K=1.2689×1089) for the LOGO image.
Funder
Instituto Politécnico Nacional and by Universidad Panamericana
Universidad Panamericana
Subject
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes,Computer Science Applications,Process Chemistry and Technology,General Engineering,Instrumentation,General Materials Science
Reference58 articles.
1. Efficient Hybrid Blind Watermarking in DWT-DCT-SVD with Dual Biometric Features for Images;Mokashi;Contrast Media Mol. Imaging,2022
2. Dharmika, B., Rupa, C., Haritha, D., and Vineetha, Y. (2022, January 20–22). Privacy Preservation of Medical Health Records using Symmetric Block Cipher and Frequency Domain Watermarking Techniques. Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT), Lalitpur, Nepal.
3. A Novel Multipurpose Watermarking Scheme Capable of Protecting and Authenticating Images with Tamper Detection and Localisation Abilities;Sharma;IEEE Access,2022
4. Fragile watermarking for image authentication based on DWT-SVD-DCT techniques;Nguyen;Multimed. Tools Appl.,2021
5. Double-encrypted watermarking algorithm based on cosine transform and fractional Fourier transform in invariant wavelet domain;Li;Inf. Sci.,2021
Cited by
1 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献