The Impact of Surface Waves and Spray Injection Velocities on Air–Sea Momentum and Heat Fluxes

Abstract

Surface waves and sea spray play a significant role in air–sea fluxes in high winds. The present study used a marine atmosphere surface layer (MASL), which couples the traditional Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, sea spray generation function, the balance of turbulent kinetic budget, and momentum/enthalpy conservation equations. Based on this model, the effects of wave states and spray injection velocities on air–sea momentum/enthalpy fluxes and near-surface wind/temperature profiles were theoretically investigated. Based on the assumption that the velocity of injected spray is the same as that of the ambient airflow, it was found that spray could increase the near-surface air turbulence intensity and inhibit air–sea fluxes at 10 m above the sea surface. Correspondingly, near-surface wind speeds and temperature increase in high winds. This phenomenon becomes prominent in cases of large wave ages or surface waves supporting a minority of air–sea fluxes. Based on the assumption that the velocity of the edges of breaking water bags is used to estimate that of spray injection, the opposite results were found: spray could weaken the near-surface air turbulence and increase total air–sea fluxes at 10 m above the sea surface. In this case, the near-surface wind speeds and temperature decreased. This reduction becomes remarkable when surface waves are full-developed or the majority of air–sea momentum fluxes are supported by waves.