Pigeon during the Breeding Cycle: Behaviors, Composition and Formation of Crop Milk, and Physiological Adaptation

Author:

Wang Liuxiong12ORCID,Zhu Jianguo12,Xie Peng23,Gong Daoqing1

Affiliation:

1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

2. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China

3. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China

Abstract

Pigeon is an important economic poultry species in many countries. As an altricial bird, its growth and development are largely reliant on pigeon milk produced by the crop tissue in the first week. During the breeding cycle, pigeons undergo a series of behavioral changes. Pigeon milk is generally characterized by having high concentrations of proteins and lipids, and a complicated regulatory network is involved in the milk formation. Hormones, especially prolactin, could promote the proliferation of crop epidermal cells and nutrient accumulation. The expression of target genes associated with these important biological processes in the crop epidermis is affected by non-coding RNAs. Meanwhile, signaling pathways, such as target of rapamycin (TOR), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (JAK/STAT), protein kinase B (Akt), etc., influence the production of crop milk by either enhancing protein synthesis in crop cells or inducing apoptosis of crop epidermal cells. In order to adapt to the different breeding periods, pigeons are physiologically changed in their intestinal morphology and function and liver metabolism. This paper reviews the behaviors and physiological adaptations of pigeon during the breeding cycle, the composition of pigeon crop milk, and the mechanism of its formation, which is important for a better understanding of the physiology of altricial birds and the development of artificial crop milk.

Funder

Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China

Key R&D Plan Project of Huai’an City

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Paleontology,Space and Planetary Science,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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