1. School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2. School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
3. Digital Government and National Governance Lab, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
4. Technology Innovation Center for Territory Spatial Big-Data, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100036, China
5. Observation and Research Station of Beijing Fangshan Comprehensive Exploration, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China
6. China Land Surveying and Planning Institute, Beijing 100035, China
7. School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
8. Information Center of Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100034, China