1. School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
2. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 001, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
3. Mines Saint-Etienne, Université Clermont Auvergne, INP Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, UMR 6158 LIMOS, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France