Effectiveness of Nonfunctionalized Graphene Oxide Nanolayers as Nanomedicine against Colon, Cervical, and Breast Cancer Cells
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Published:2023-05-23
Issue:11
Volume:24
Page:9141
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ISSN:1422-0067
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Container-title:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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language:en
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Short-container-title:IJMS
Author:
Hatshan Mohammad1ORCID, Saquib Quaiser2ORCID, Siddiqui Maqsood2, Faisal Mohammad3ORCID, Ahmad Javed2, Al-Khedhairy Abdulaziz2, Shaik Mohammed1ORCID, Khan Mujeeb1ORCID, Wahab Rizwan2ORCID, De Matteis Valeria4ORCID, Adil Syed1ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia 2. Chair for DNA Research, Zoology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia 3. Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia 4. Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
Abstract
Recent studies in nanomedicine have intensively explored the prospective applications of surface-tailored graphene oxide (GO) as anticancer entity. However, the efficacy of nonfunctionalized graphene oxide nanolayers (GRO-NLs) as an anticancer agent is less explored. In this study, we report the synthesis of GRO-NLs and their in vitro anticancer potential in breast (MCF-7), colon (HT-29), and cervical (HeLa) cancer cells. GRO-NLs-treated HT-29, HeLa, and MCF-7 cells showed cytotoxicity in the MTT and NRU assays via defects in mitochondrial functions and lysosomal activity. HT-29, HeLa, and MCF-7 cells treated with GRO-NLs exhibited substantial elevations in ROS, disturbances of the mitochondrial membrane potential, an influx of Ca2+, and apoptosis. The qPCR quantification showed the upregulation of caspase 3, caspase 9, bax, and SOD1 genes in GRO-NLs-treated cells. Western blotting showed the depletion of P21, P53, and CDC25C proteins in the above cancer cell lines after GRO-NLs treatment, indicating its function as a mutagen to induce mutation in the P53 gene, thereby affecting P53 protein and downstream effectors P21 and CDC25C. In addition, there may be a mechanism other than P53 mutation that controls P53 dysfunction. We conclude that nonfunctionalized GRO-NLs exhibit prospective biomedical application as a putative anticancer entity against colon, cervical, and breast cancers.
Funder
Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research
Subject
Inorganic Chemistry,Organic Chemistry,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,Computer Science Applications,Spectroscopy,Molecular Biology,General Medicine,Catalysis
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