Highly Diluted Glyphosate Mitigates Its Effects on Artemia salina: Physicochemical Implications
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Published:2023-05-30
Issue:11
Volume:24
Page:9478
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ISSN:1422-0067
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Container-title:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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language:en
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Short-container-title:IJMS
Author:
Nagai Mirian Yaeko Dias de Oliveira1, Mohammad Suham Nowrooz1ORCID, Pinto Andreia Adelaide G.1, Coimbra Ednar Nascimento2, Peres Giovani Bravin1, Suffredini Ivana Barbosa1, Bernardi Maria Martha1, Tournier Alexander L.3ORCID, Jerman Igor4ORCID, Cartwright Steven John5, Bonamin Leoni Villano1ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Research Center, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo 04026002, Brazil 2. Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió 57072900, Brazil 3. Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland 4. BION Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 5. Cherwell Laboratory for Fundamental Research in Homeopathy, Oxford OX2 8NU, UK
Abstract
Glyphosate is an herbicide widely used in agriculture but can present chronic toxicity in low concentrations. Artemia salina is a common bio-indicator of ecotoxicity; it was used herein as a model to evaluate the effect of highly diluted-succussed glyphosate (potentized glyphosate) in glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) exposed living systems. Artemia salina cysts were kept in artificial seawater with 0.02% glyphosate (corresponding to 10% lethal concentration or LC10) under constant oxygenation, luminosity, and controlled temperature, to promote hatching in 48 h. Cysts were treated with 1% (v/v) potentized glyphosate in different dilution levels (Gly 6 cH, 30 cH, 200 cH) prepared the day before according to homeopathic techniques, using GBH from the same batch. Controls were unchallenged cysts, and cysts treated with succussed water or potentized vehicle. After 48 h, the number of born nauplii per 100 µL, nauplii vitality, and morphology were evaluated. The remaining seawater was used for physicochemical analyses using solvatochromic dyes. In a second set of experiments, Gly 6 cH treated cysts were observed under different degrees of salinity (50 to 100% seawater) and GBH concentrations (zero to LC 50); hatching and nauplii activity were recorded and analyzed using the ImageJ 1.52, plug-in Trackmate. The treatments were performed blind, and the codes were revealed after statistical analysis. Gly 6 cH increased nauplii vitality (p = 0.01) and improved the healthy/defective nauplii ratio (p = 0.005) but delayed hatching (p = 0.02). Overall, these results suggest Gly 6cH treatment promotes the emergence of the more GBH-resistant phenotype in the nauplii population. Also, Gly 6cH delays hatching, another useful survival mechanism in the presence of stress. Hatching arrest was most marked in 80% seawater when exposed to glyphosate at LC10. Water samples treated with Gly 6 cH showed specific interactions with solvatochromic dyes, mainly Coumarin 7, such that it appears to be a potential physicochemical marker for Gly 6 cH. In short, Gly 6 cH treatment appears to protect the Artemia salina population exposed to GBH at low concentrations.
Subject
Inorganic Chemistry,Organic Chemistry,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,Computer Science Applications,Spectroscopy,Molecular Biology,General Medicine,Catalysis
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