Citrus p-Synephrine Improves Energy Homeostasis by Regulating Amino Acid Metabolism in HFD-Induced Mice

Author:

Bai Junying12ORCID,Tan Xiang12,Tang Sheng12ORCID,Liu Xin12,Shao Linzi12,Wang Chen23,Huang Linhua12

Affiliation:

1. Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China

2. National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Chongqing 400700, China

3. College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China

Abstract

p-Synephrine is a common alkaloid widely distributed in citrus fruits. However, the effects of p-synephrine on the metabolic profiles of individuals with energy abnormalities are still unclear. In the study, we investigated the effect of p-synephrine on energy homeostasis and metabolic profiles using a high fat diet (HFD)-induced mouse model. We found that p-synephrine inhibited the gain in body weight, liver weight and white adipose tissues weight induced by HFD. p-Synephrine supplementation also reduced levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) but not to a statistically significant degree. Histological analysis showed that HFD induced excessive lipid accumulation and glycogen loss in the liver and adipocyte enlargement in perirenal fat tissue, while p-synephrine supplementation reversed the changes induced by HFD. Moreover, HFD feeding significantly increased mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and reduced the mRNA expression level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) compared to the control group, while p-synephrine supplementation significantly reversed these HFD-induced changes. Liver and serum metabolomic analysis showed that p-synephrine supplementation significantly altered small molecule metabolites in liver and serum in HFD mice and that the changes were closely associated with improvement of energy homeostasis. Notably, amino acid metabolism pathways, both in liver and serum samples, were significantly enriched. Our study suggests that p-synephrine improves energy homeostasis probably by regulating amino acid metabolism in HFD mice, which provides a novel insight into the action mechanism of p-synephrine modulating energy homeostasis.

Funder

National Key Research and Development Program of China

Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities

“Pioneer” and “Leading Goose” R&D Program of Zhejiang

Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project

Publisher

MDPI AG

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