Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS): A Narrative Review and Legal Implications

Abstract

Background: Infertility is a highly meaningful issue with potentially life-changing consequences, and its incidence has been growing worldwide. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) has made giant strides in terms of treating many infertility conditions, despite the risk of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), a potentially life-threatening complication. Methods: This narrative review draws upon scientific articles found in the PubMed database. The search spanned the 1990–2024 period. Search strings used included “OHSS” or “ovarian hyperstimulation” and “IVF” and “GnRH” and “hCG”; 1098 results were retrieved and were ultimately narrowed down to 111 suitable sources, i.e., relevant articles dealing with the condition’s underlying dynamics, management pathways, and evidence-based criteria and guidelines, crucial both from a clinical perspective and from the standpoint of medicolegal tenability. Results: The following features constitute OHSS risk factors: young age, low body weight, and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), among others. GnRH antagonist can substantially lower the risk of severe OHSS, compared to the long protocol with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. However, a mild or moderate form of OHSS is also possible if the antagonist protocol is used, especially when hCG is used for the final maturation of oocytes. For women at risk of OHSS, GnRH agonist trigger and the freeze-all strategy is advisable. OHSS is one of the most frequent complications, with a 30% rate in IVF cycles. Conclusion: Providing effective care for OHSS patients begins with early diagnosis, while also evaluating for comorbidities and complications. In addition to that, we should pay more attention to the psychological component of this complication and of infertility as a whole. Compliance with guidelines and evidence-based best practices is essential for medicolegal tenability.