Infigratinib (BGJ 398), a Pan-FGFR Inhibitor, Targets P-Glycoprotein and Increases Chemotherapeutic-Induced Mortality of Multidrug-Resistant Tumor Cells

Abstract

The microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) are well-known chemotherapeutic agents commonly used for therapy of a broad spectrum of human malignancies, exhibiting epithelial origin, including breast, lung, and prostate cancer. Despite the impressive response rates shortly after initiation of MTA-based therapy, the vast majority of human malignancies develop resistance to MTAs due to the different mechanisms. Here, we report that infigratinib (BGJ 398), a potent FGFR1-4 inhibitor, restores sensitivity of a broad spectrum of ABCB1-overexpressing cancer cells to certain chemotherapeutic agents, including paclitaxel (PTX) and doxorubicin (Dox). This was evidenced for the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) cell lines, as well. Indeed, when MDR-overexpressing cancer cells were treated with a combination of BGJ 398 and PTX (or Dox), we observed a significant increase of apoptosis which was evidenced by an increased expression of cleaved forms of PARP, caspase-3, and increased numbers of Annexin V-positive cells, as well. Moreover, BGJ 398 used in combination with PTX significantly decreased the viability and proliferation of the resistant cancer cells. As expected, no apoptosis was found in ABCB1-overexpressing cancer cells treated with PTX, Dox, or BGJ 398 alone. Inhibition of FGFR-signaling by BGJ 398 was evidenced by the decreased expression of phosphorylated (i.e., activated) forms of FGFR and FRS-2, a well-known adaptor protein of FGFR signaling, and downstream signaling molecules (e.g., STAT-1, -3, and S6). In contrast, expression of MDR-related ABC-transporters did not change after BGJ 398 treatment, thereby suggesting an impaired function of MDR-related ABC-transporters. By using the fluorescent-labeled chemotherapeutic agent PTX-Alexa488 (Flutax-2) and doxorubicin, exhibiting an intrinsic fluorescence, we found that BGJ 398 substantially impairs their efflux from MDR-overexpressing TNBC cells. Moreover, the efflux of Calcein AM, a well-known substrate for ABCB1, was also significantly impaired in BGJ 398-treated cancer cells, thereby suggesting the ABCB1 as a novel molecular target for BGJ 398. Of note, PD 173074, a potent FGFR1 and VEGFR2 inhibitor failed to retain chemotherapeutic agents inside ABCB1-overexpressing cells. This was consistent with the inability of PD 173074 to sensitize Tx-R cancer cells to PTX and Dox. Collectively, we show here for the first time that BGJ 398 reverses the sensitivity of MDR-overexpressing cancer cells to certain chemotherapeutic agents due to inhibition of their efflux from cancer cells via ABCB1-mediated mechanism.