Biological, Antifungal, and Physical Efficacy of a Denture Cleanser Formulated with Cnidium officinale Extracts

Abstract

Background/Objectives: We aimed to assess the antifungal efficacy and impact of a denture cleanser containing Cnidium officinale extract on the surface characteristics of denture base materials, as well as its physical and biological properties. Methods: The experimental denture cleansers were formulated with C. officinale at concentrations of 100 and 150 μg/mL, combined with 1% cocamidopropyl betaine as a natural surfactant. Antifungal efficacy was evaluated using zone-of-inhibition assays against Candida albicans, revealing inhibition zones of 20 ± 1.8 mm for the 100 μg/mL concentration and 23.6 ± 1.6 mm for the 150 μg/mL concentration. Surface property assessments—including hardness, roughness, color stability, and solubility measurements—demonstrated no significant differences compared to the control group. Biological evaluations included the quantification of polyphenol and flavonoid content. Results: The C. officinale-based cleanser showed significant antifungal activity without affecting the hardness, roughness, color stability, or solubility of denture base materials. Biological tests revealed no cytotoxicity and minimal mucosal irritation. Polyphenol and flavonoid contents were quantitatively measured, revealing higher concentrations in the experimental groups, which were correlated with significant antifungal activity. These compounds are known for their roles in disrupting microbial processes and enhancing antimicrobial effects. These findings suggest that the C. officinale-based denture cleanser effectively inhibits C. albicans while preserving the physical properties of denture base materials. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of C. officinale in denture cleanser formulations, promoting denture hygiene and oral health. Future research should prioritize long-term clinical evaluations and formulation optimization.