Performance Evaluation of Six Gridded Precipitation Products throughout Iran Using Ground Observations over the Last Two Decades (2000–2020)

Abstract

Precipitation, as an important component of the Earth’s water cycle, plays a determinant role in various socio-economic practices. Consequently, having access to high-quality and reliable precipitation datasets is highly demanded. Although Gridded Precipitation Products (GPPs) have been widely employed in different applications, the lack of quantitative assessment of GPPs is a critical concern that should be addressed. This is because the inherent errors in GPPs would propagate into any models in which precipitation values are incorporated, introducing uncertainties into the final results. This paper aims to quantify the capability of six well-known GPPs (TMPA, CHIRPS, PERSIANN, GSMaP, IMERG, and ERA5) at multiple time scales (daily, monthly, and yearly) using in situ observations (over 1.7 million) throughout Iran over the past two decades (2000–2020). Both continuous and categorical metrics were implemented for precipitation intensity and occurrence assessment based on the point-to-pixel comparison approach. Although all metrics did not support the superior performance of any specific GPP, taking all investigations into account, the findings suggested the better performance of the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) in estimating daily precipitation (CC = 0.599, RMSE = 3.48 mm/day, and CSI = 0.454). Based on the obtained continuous metrics, all the GPPs had better performances in dry months, while this did not hold for the categorical metrics. The validation at the station level was also carried out to present the spatial characteristics of errors throughout Iran, indicating higher overestimation/underestimation in regions with higher precipitation rates. The validation analysis over the last two decades illustrated that the GPPs had stable performances, and no improvement was seen, except for the GSMaP, in which its bias error was significantly reduced. The comparisons on monthly and yearly time scales suggested the higher accuracy of monthly and yearly averaged precipitation values than accumulated values. Our study provides valuable guidance to the selection and application of GPPs in Iran and also offers beneficial feedback for further improving these products.