Deformation Mechanisms and Processing Maps for High Entropy Alloys (Presentation of Processing Maps in Terms of Zener–Hollomon Parameter): Review

Abstract

In this review paper, the hot compressive deformation mechanisms and processing maps of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with different chemical compositions and crystal structures are analyzed. The stress exponent (n1) values measured from the series of compression tests for the HEAs performed at different temperatures and strain rates are distributed between 3 and 35, and they are most populated between 3 and 7. Power law breakdown (PLB) is found to typically occur at T/Tm ≤ 0.6 (where T is the testing temperature and Tm is the melting temperature). In AlxCrMnFeCoNi (x = 0–1) and AlxCrFeCoNi (x = 0–1) HEAs, n1 tends to decrease as the concentration of Al increases, suggesting that Al acts as a solute atom that exerts a drag force on dislocation slip motion at high temperatures. The values of activation energy for plastic flow (Qc) for the HEAs are most populated in the range between 300 and 400 kJ/mol. These values are close to the activation energy of the tracer diffusivity of elements in the HEAs ranging between 240 and 408 kJ/mol. The power dissipation efficiency η of the HEAs is shown to follow a single equation, which is uniquely related to n1. Flow instability for the HEAs is shown to occur near n1 = 7, implying that the onset of flow instability occurs at the transition from power law creep to PLB. Processing maps for the HEAs are demonstrated to be represented by plotting η as a function of the Zener–Hollomon parameter (Z = expQcRT, where R is the gas constant). Flow stability prevails at Z ≤ 1012 s−1, while flow instability does at Z ≥ 3 × 1014 s−1.