Benzoxazinoids Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Identification and Expression Analysis in Maize under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

Abstract

Benzoxazinoids (BXs) are unique bioactive metabolites with protective and allelopathic properties in maize in response to diverse stresses. The production of BXs involves the fine regulations of BXs biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC). However, little is known about whether and how the expression pattern of BGC members is impacted by biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, maize BGC was systemically investigated and 26 BGC gene members were identified on seven chromosomes, for which Bin 4.00–4.01/4.03–4.04/7.02 were the most enriched regions. All BX proteins were clearly divided into three classes and seven subclasses, and ten conserved motifs were further identified among these proteins. These proteins were localized in the subcellular compartments of chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, or cytoplasmic, where their catalytic activities were specifically executed. Three independent RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) analyses revealed that the expression profiles of the majority of BGC gene members were distinctly affected by multiple treatments, including light spectral quality, low-temperature, 24-epibrassinolide induction, and Asian corn borer infestation. Thirteen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with high and specific expression levels were commonly detected among three RNA-Seq, as core conserved BGC members for regulating BXs biosynthesis under multiple abiotic/biotic stimulates. Moreover, the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) verified that six core conserved genes in BGC were significantly differentially expressed in leaves of seedlings upon four treatments, which caused significant increases in 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) content under darkness and wound treatments, whereas a clear decrease in DIMBOA content was observed under low-temperature treatment. In conclusion, the changes in BX metabolites in maize were regulated by BGC gene members in multiple stress presences. Therefore, the identification of key genes associated with BX accumulation under biotic/abiotic stresses will provide valuable gene resources for breeding maize varieties with enhanced capability to adapt to environmental stresses.