Affiliation:
1. Center for Surgical Infections and Biofilms, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
2. Center for Surgical Infections and Biofilms, Drexel School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Abstract
Bacteria express a plethora of efflux pumps that can transport structurally varied molecules, including antimicrobial agents and antibiotics, out of cells. Thus, efflux pump systems participate in lowering intracellular concentrations of antibiotics, which allows phenotypic multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria to survive effectively amid higher concentrations of antibiotics. Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the classic examples of pathogens that can carry multiple efflux pump systems, which allows these bacteria to be MDR-to-pan-drug resistant and is now considered a public health threat. Therefore, efflux pumps in A. baumannii have gained major attention worldwide, and there has been increased interest in studying their mechanism of action, substrates, and potential efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs). Efflux pump inhibitors are molecules that can inhibit efflux pumps, rendering pathogens susceptible to antimicrobial agents, and are thus considered potential therapeutic agents for use in conjunction with antibiotics. This review focuses on the types of various efflux pumps detected in A. baumannii, their molecular mechanisms of action, the substrates they transport, and the challenges in developing EPIs that can be clinically useful in reference to A. baumannii.
Reference171 articles.
1. Acinetobacter baumannii: An emerging pathogenic threat to public health;Joshi;World J. Clin. Infect. Dis.,2013
2. CDC (2022, July 15). Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/2019-ar-threats-report-508.pdf.
3. Davies, O., and Bennett, S. (2022, December 17). WHO Publishes List of Bacteria for Which New Antibiotics Are Urgently Needed. Available online: https://www.who.int/news/item/27-02-2017-who-publishes-list-of-bacteria-for-which-new-antibiotics-are-urgently-needed.
4. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (2022, July 15). Antimicrobial Resistance Threats, Available online: https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/antimicrobial-resistance-threats.
5. Carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii, and their importance in hospital-acquired infections: A scientific review;Nguyen;J. Appl. Microbiol.,2021
Cited by
3 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献