Antifungal Activity of Select Essential Oils against Candida auris and Their Interactions with Antifungal Drugs

Abstract

Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen that commonly causes nosocomial blood infections in the immunocompromised. Several factors make this pathogen a global threat, including its misidentification as closely related species, its ability to survive for weeks on fomites, and its resistance to commonly prescribed antifungal drugs, sometimes to all three classes of systemic antifungal drugs. These factors demonstrate a need for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to combat this pathogen. In the present study, the antifungal activities of 21 essential oils were tested against C. auris. Several essential oils were observed to inhibit the growth and kill C. auris, Candida lusitaniae, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae when in direct contact and at concentrations considered safe for topical use. The most effective essential oils were those extracted from lemongrass, clove bud, and cinnamon bark. These essential oils also elicited antifungal activity in gaseous form. The efficacies of formulations comprised of these three essential oils in combination with fluconazole, amphotericin B, flucytosine, and micafungin were explored. While synergism was neither observed with cinnamon bark oil nor any of the antifungal drugs, lemongrass oil displayed synergistic, additive, and indifferent interactions with select drugs. Formulations of clove bud oil with amphotericin B resulted in antagonistic interactions but displayed synergistic interactions with fluconazole and flucytosine. These essential oils and their combinations with antifungal drugs may provide useful options for surface disinfection, skin sanitization, and possibly even the treatment of Candida infections.