Affiliation:
1. Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Department of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
2. Northwest Research Institute Limited Company of China Railway Engineering Corporation, Lanzhou 730000, China
3. Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223001, China
4. Institute for Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
5. Taiyuan Cultural Relics Protection and Research Institute, Taiyuan 030012, China
Abstract
Sandstone from the Longshan Grottoes in Taiyuan, China, was the research object of this paper. The sandstone samples were soaked in distilled water, Na2SO4 solution, and NaCl solution and subjected to freeze–thaw testing. Sandstone specimens were treated with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 freeze–thaw cycles. The mass ratio, P-wave velocity, surface hardness, uniaxial compressive strength, and other physical-mechanical features of rock samples were measured after different numbers of cycles. The results of mercury injection, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction were combined to explore the damage mechanisms and characteristics of the rock samples under the combined action of chemicals and freeze–thaw cycles. It was found that the damage degree of sandstone increased logarithmically with the number of cycles, with Na2SO4 solution causing the most damage. Damage variables D of the samples soaked in distilled water, Na2SO4 solution, and NaCl solution after 30 freeze–thaw cycles were 3.89%, 6.51%, and 4.74%, respectively. The difference in damage between the solutions is caused by the combination of frost heave, dissolution, and salt crystallization, and the damage process generally occurs from the inside and the outside and is manifested as an increase in the number of macropores and the appearance of new pores. Freezing–thawing and salt action are important causes of the powdering and detachment of sandstone in the Longshan Grottoes.
Funder
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in the University of Ministry of Education of China
National Key Research and Development Program of China
Subject
Geology,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
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