Anti-Oxidation and Anti-Inflammatory Potency Evaluation of Ferulic Acid Derivatives Obtained through Virtual Screening

Abstract

Various factors such as ultraviolet rays can cause a continuous threat to our skin, resulting in inflammation or oxidation problems. Ferulic acid (FA), with certain antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, is widely used in many cosmetics, even used to treat various diseases in the clinic. In this study, the FA structural skeleton was used to search for FA derivatives. Then, molecular docking, the rule of five, and Veber rules were performed to virtually screen compounds that can bind to proteins with a good drug likeness. DPPH and ABTS were used to evaluate their antioxidant potency and an MTT assay was employed to investigate the toxicities of the compounds, while Griess Reaction System and ELISA were used to judge the concentration variations of NO and different inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Western blotting featured nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression levels. The trend of the intracellular changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by the DCFH-DA method and fluorescence staining. As a result, we found that the ferulic acid derivative S-52372 not only had certain scavenging effects on free radicals in biochemical experiments, but also prevented inflammation and oxidative stress in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in the cellular environment; intracellular ROS and inflammatory mediators, including iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6, were also suppressed. In a computer prediction, S-52372 owned better water solubility and lower toxicity than FA. This compound deserves further research to find an ideal FA derivative.