Functionalised Sodium–Carboxymethylcellulose–Collagen Bioactive Bilayer as an Acellular Skin Substitute for Future Use in Diabetic Wound Management: The Evaluation of Physicochemical, Cell Viability, and Antibacterial Effects
Author:
Thambirajoo Maheswary1, Md Fadilah Nur Izzah1ORCID, Maarof Manira12, Lokanathan Yogeswaran1ORCID, Mohamed Mohd Ambri3ORCID, Zakaria Sarani4, Bt Hj Idrus Ruszymah1, Fauzi Mh Busra12ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia 2. Advance Bioactive Materials-Cells UKM Research Group, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Baru Bangi 43600, Malaysia 3. Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bandar Baru Bangi 43600, Malaysia 4. Materials Science Program, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Baru Bangi 43600, Malaysia
Abstract
The wound healing mechanism is dynamic and well-orchestrated; yet, it is a complicated process. The hallmark of wound healing is to promote wound regeneration in less time without invading skin pathogens at the injury site. This study developed a sodium–carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) bilayer scaffold that was later integrated with silver nanoparticles/graphene quantum dot nanoparticles (AgNPs/GQDs) as an acellular skin substitute for future use in diabetic wounds. The bilayer scaffold was prepared by layering the Na-CMC gauze onto the ovine tendon collagen type 1 (OTC-1). The bilayer scaffold was post-crosslinked with 0.1% (w/v) genipin (GNP) as a natural crosslinking agent. The physical and chemical characteristics of the bilayer scaffold were evaluated. The results demonstrate that crosslinked (CL) groups exhibited a high-water absorption capacity (>1000%) and an ideal water vapour evaporation rate (2000 g/m2 h) with a lower biodegradation rate and good hydrophilicity, compression, resilience, and porosity than the non-crosslinked (NC) groups. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgNPs/GQDs presented some bactericidal effects against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The cytotoxicity tests on bilayer scaffolds demonstrated good cell viability for human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Therefore, the Na-CMC bilayer scaffold could be a potential candidate for future diabetic wound care.
Funder
Ministry of Higher Education via the Trans-disciplinary Research Grant Scheme
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