Cell Division Controls Final Fruit Size in Three Apple (Malus x domestica) Cultivars

Abstract

Apple (Malus x domestica) fruit size is dependent on cell division and cell expansion, processes that are subsequently regulated by plant hormones such as auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins. In this study, we investigated the role of cell division and cell expansion in apple growth and identified which of the two was more deterministic of final fruit size. Three cultivars of different sizes were selected, namely, “Twenty Ounce” (large-sized), “Royal Gala” (medium-sized), and “Crabapple” (small-sized). Gene expression and cell size analyses were conducted over the course of two consecutive seasons. The expression patterns of three classes of genes were markedly similar across all cultivars. Two cell division markers, namely MdCDKB2;2 and MdANT2, were discovered to be correlatively expressed, as both displayed initially high expression levels, which gradually declined from the early to late stages of the growth time course. For cell expansion markers, MdEXP3 was upregulated as the cells expanded, while MdARF106 was expressed in both the cell division and expansion stages. Meanwhile, the ripening-related gene MdACO1 was expectedly expressed only during the ending stages associated with ripening. Interestingly, the cell measurements taken regularly from each cultivar throughout the same experimental timespan showed that cell sizes were unaltered and remained constant from initial pollination at the zeroth Day After Pollination (DAP) to ripening at 120 Days After Full Bloom (DAFB).