Molecular and Clinical Characterization of CNGA3 and CNGB3 Genes in Brazilian Patients Affected with Achromatopsia

Abstract

Achromatopsia (ACHM) is a congenital cone photoreceptor disorder characterized by reduced visual acuity, nystagmus, photophobia, and very poor or absent color vision. Pathogenic variants in six genes encoding proteins composing the cone phototransduction cascade (CNGA3, CNGB3, PDE6C, PDE6H, GNAT2) and of the unfolded protein response (ATF6) have been related to ACHM cases, while CNGA3 and CNGB3 alone are responsible for most cases. Herein, we provide a clinical and molecular overview of 42 Brazilian patients from 38 families affected with ACHM related to biallelic pathogenic variants in the CNGA3 and CNGB3 genes. Patients’ genotype and phenotype were retrospectively evaluated. The majority of CNGA3 variants were missense, and the most prevalent CNGB3 variant was c.1148delC (p.Thr383Ilefs*13), resulting in a frameshift and premature stop codon, which is compatible with previous publications in the literature. A novel variant c.1893T>A (p.Tyr631*) in the CNGB3 gene is reported for the first time in this study. A great variability in morphologic findings was observed in our patients, although no consistent correlation with age and disease stage in OCT foveal morphology was found. The better understanding of the genetic variants landscape in the Brazilian population will help in the diagnosis of this disease.