Elucidating the Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Immune Cell Populations: A Mathematical Modeling Approach with Special Emphasis on Fractional Derivatives

Abstract

Despite recent advances in the mathematical modeling of biological processes and real-world situations raised in the day-to-day life phase, some phenomena such as immune cell populations remain poorly understood. The mathematical modeling of complex phenomena such as immune cell populations using nonlinear differential equations seems to be a quite promising and appropriate tool to model such complex and nonlinear phenomena. Fractional differential equations have recently gained a significant deal of attention and demonstrated their relevance in modeling real phenomena rather than their counterpart, classical (integer) derivative differential equations. We report in this paper a mathematical approach susceptible to answering some relevant questions regarding the side effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on DNA with a particular focus on double-strand breaks (DSBs), leading to the destruction of the cell population. A theoretical elucidation of the population memory was carried out within the framework of fractional differential equations (FODEs). Using FODEs, the mathematical approach presented herein ensures connections between fractional calculus and the nonlocal feature of the fractional order of immune cell populations by taking into account the memory trace and genetic qualities that are capable of integrating all previous actions and considering the system’s long-term history. An illustration of both fractional modeling, which provides an excellent framework for the description of memory and hereditary properties of immune cell populations, is elucidated. The mathematics presented in this research hold promise for modeling real-life phenomena and paves the way for obtaining accurate model parameters resulting from the mathematical modeling. Finally, the numerical simulations are conducted for the analytical approach presented herein to elucidate the effect of various parameters that govern the influence of ionizing irradiation on DNA in immune cell populations as well as the evolution of cell population dynamics, and the results are presented using plots and contrasted with previous theoretical findings.