Computational Assessment of Thermal and Solute Mechanisms in Carreau–Yasuda Hybrid Nanoparticles Involving Soret and Dufour Effects over Porous Surface

Abstract

Engineers, scientists and mathematicians are greatly concerned about the thermal stability/instability of any physical system. Current contemplation discusses the role of the Soret and Dufour effects in hydro-magnetized Carreau–Yasuda liquid passed over a permeable stretched surface. Several important effects were considered while modelling the thermal transport, including Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and heat generation/absorption. Mass transportation is presented in the presence of a chemical reaction. Different nanoparticle types were mixed in the Carreau–Yasuda liquid in order to study thermal performance. Initially, governing laws were modelled in the form of PDEs. Suitable transformation was engaged for conversion into ODEs and then the resulting ODEs were handled via FEM (Finite Element Method). Grid independent analysis was performed to determine the effectiveness of the chosen methodology. Several important physical effects were explored by augmenting the values of the influential parameters. Heat and mass transfer rates were computed against different parameters and discussed in detail.