On the Use of Indirect Measurements in Virtual Sensors for Renewable Energies: A Review

Abstract

In the dynamic landscape of renewable energy, the primary goal continues to be the enhancement of competitiveness through the implementation of cutting-edge technologies. This requires a strategic focus on reducing energy costs and maximizing system performance. Within this framework, the continuous online monitoring of assets is essential for efficient operations, by conducting measurements that describe the condition of various components. However, the execution of these measurements can present technical and economic obstacles. To overcome these challenges, the implementation of indirect measurement techniques emerges as a viable solution. By leveraging measurements obtained in easily accessible areas, these methods enable the estimation of quantities in regions that would otherwise be inaccessible. This approach improves the monitoring process’s efficiency and provides previously unattainable information. Adopting indirect measurement techniques is also cost-effective, allowing the replacement of expensive sensors with existing infrastructure, which cuts down on installation costs and labor. This paper offers a detailed state-of-the-art review by providing an in-depth examination and classification of indirect measurement techniques and virtual sensing methods applied in the field of renewable energies. It also identifies and discusses the existing challenges and limitations within this topic and explores potential future developments.