Heart Rate Variability during Virtual Reality Activity in Individuals after Hospitalization for COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Control Study
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Published:2023-04-19
Issue:8
Volume:12
Page:1925
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ISSN:2079-9292
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Container-title:Electronics
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Electronics
Author:
Ribeiro Cinthia Mucci12, Gomes Renata de Andrade1, Monteiro Carlos Bandeira de Mello34ORCID, Dias Rodrigo Martins1ORCID, Simcsik Amanda Orasmo3, Araújo Luciano Vieira de4, Maia Laura Cristina Pereira5, Oliveira Adriana Paulino de5, Freitas Bruna Leal de5, Dawes Helen67ORCID, Ferreira Celso1, Moraes Íbis Ariana Peña de2368ORCID, Silva Talita Dias da138
Affiliation:
1. Medicine (Cardiology) at Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil 2. Fisioclin, Physiotherapy Hospital Company and Care, São Paulo 04004-030, Brazil 3. Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil 4. Physical Activity Sciences, School of Arts, Science and Humanities of University of São Paulo (EACH-USP), São Paulo 03828-000, Brazil 5. Department of Physiotherapy, Municipal University of São Caetano do Sul (USCS), São Caetano do Sul 09521-160, Brazil 6. Exeter Biomedical Research Centre, College of Medicine and Health, St Lukes Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK 7. Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK 8. Faculty of Medicine, City of São Paulo University (UNICID), São Paulo 05424-140, Brazil
Abstract
(1) Background: COVID-19 can lead to many complications, including cardiorespiratory complications and dysautonomia. This can be assessed by heart rate variability (HRV), which reflects the autonomic nervous system. There are different possibilities for physical rehabilitation after COVID, one of which that has been growing fast is the use of Virtual reality (VR) for rehabilitation. VR may represent an innovative and effective tool to minimize deficits that could lead to permanent disabilities in patients of outpatient rehabilitation services. The aim of this protocol is to establish whether practicing a task using a VR game with body movements influences physiological variables, such as heart rate, HRV, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, and perceptual variables during exercise in individuals post-hospitalization for COVID. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated individuals divided into two groups, a post-hospitalization for COVID-19 group and a healthy control group. Subjects underwent one session of a VR task, and physiological variables, including HRV, were measured during rest, VR activity, and recovery. In addition, considering the influence of age in HRV and the impact of COVID-19, we divided participants by age. (3) Results: In all HRV indices and in both groups, an increase in sympathetic and a decrease in parasympathetic activity were found during VR. Additionally, the older post-COVID-19 group performed worse in non-linear indices, peripheral oxygen saturation, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). (4) Conclusions: The VR game positively affects physiological variables and can therefore be utilized as a secure physical activity in both healthy individuals and individuals after hospitalization for COVID-19. COVID-19 affects the autonomic nervous system of older patients’ post-hospitalization, which may be partly due to a higher BMI and the reduced exercise capacity in this population, affecting their ability to perform exercise activities. Other important observations were the higher RPE in COVID-19 patients during and after exercise, which may reflect altered physiological and autonomic responses. Taken together with the high reporting of fatigue after COVID-19, this is an important finding, and considering that RPE is usually lower during VR exercise compared to non-VR strengthens the potential for the use of VR in COVID-19 patients.
Funder
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil
Subject
Electrical and Electronic Engineering,Computer Networks and Communications,Hardware and Architecture,Signal Processing,Control and Systems Engineering
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