Affiliation:
1. Cancer Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
2. School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) is a complex and constantly evolving collection of cells and extracellular components. Cancer cells and the surrounding environment influence each other through different types of processes. Characteristics of the TME include abnormal vasculature, altered extracellular matrix, cancer-associated fibroblast and macrophages, immune cells, and secreted factors. Within these components, several molecules and pathways are altered and take part in the support of the tumour. Epigenetic regulation, kinases, phosphatases, metabolic regulators, and hormones are some of the players that influence and contribute to shaping the tumour and the TME. All these characteristics contribute significantly to cancer progression, metastasis, and immune escape, and may be the target for new approaches for cancer treatment.
Funder
Departmental Strategic Plan (PSD) of the University of Udine—Interdepartmental Project on Healthy Ageing