Affiliation:
1. State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro‐ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
2. Qiangtang Alpine Grassland Ecosystem Research Station & College of Animal Science Xizang Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University Linzhi Xizang China
3. Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School Tsinghua University Shenzhen Guangdong China
4. State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture Qinghai University Xining Qinghai China
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundGut microbiota is pivotal in regulating hosts' biological processes and maintaining homeostasis, but knowledge about its role in wild herbivores in extreme environments remains limited.MethodsGut bacteria and fungi were sequenced in ruminant (Chiru and Yak) and nonruminant (Kiang) herbivores on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, and their community structure, co‐occurrence networks, functions, and assembly mechanisms were investigated using multivariate ecological and statistical methods.ResultsKiang had lower gut microbial diversity than Chiru and Yak. Bacterial host‐specific exclusivity was greater than that of fungi. In addition to the evidence of glycan biosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism, Chiru had a high Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and low animal pathogen abundance, suggesting better adaptation to the plateau's harsh environment. Additionally, members of gut microbiota tended to co‐occur rather than co‐exclude in all herbivores. Different network complexity and stability patterns were observed between bacterial and fungal communities. Furthermore, gut bacterial assembly was primarily controlled by stochastic dispersal limitation and drift, whereas fungal assembly was primarily controlled by deterministic homogeneous selection except in Chiru.ConclusionsOn the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, Chiru and Yak exhibit more diverse gut microbiota and more diverse metabolic functions than Kiang, and gut bacteria are more divergent than gut fungi in these herbivores.