Development of the integrated fish endocrine disruptor test (iFEDT)—Part A: Merging of existing fish test guidelines

Abstract

AbstractThere has been increasing interest in endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs) among scientists and public authorities over the last 30 years, notably because of their wide use and the increasing evidence of detrimental effects on humans and the environment. However, test systems for the detection of potential EDCs as well as testing strategies still require optimization. Thus, the aim of the present project was the development of an integrated test protocol that merges the existing OECD test guidelines (TGs) 229 (fish short‐term reproduction assay) and 234 (fish sexual development test) and implements thyroid‐related endpoints for fish. The integrated fish endocrine disruptor test (iFEDT) represents a comprehensive approach for fish testing, which covers reproduction, early development, and sexual differentiation, and will thus allow the identification of multiple endocrine‐disruptive effects in fish. Using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism, two exposure tests were performed with well‐studied EDCs: 6‐propyl‐2‐thiouracil (PTU), an inhibitor of thyroid hormone synthesis, and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2), an estrogen receptor agonist. In part A of this article, the effects of PTU and EE2 on established endpoints of the two existing TGs are reported, whereas part B focuses on the novel thyroid‐related endpoints. Results of part A document that, as expected, both PTU and EE2 had strong effects on various endocrine‐related endpoints in zebrafish and their offspring. Merging of TGs 229 and 234 proved feasible, and all established biomarkers and endpoints were responsive as expected, including reproductive and morphometric changes (PTU and EE2), vitellogenin levels, sex ratio, gonad maturation, and histopathology (only for EE2) of different life stages. A validation of the iFEDT with other well‐known EDCs will allow verification of the sensitivity and usability and confirm its capacity to improve the existing testing strategy for EDCs in fish. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;00:1–13. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).