Novel benzothiazole–pyrazoline–styrene hybrid for ultrasensitive detection of Hg(II) ions: Synthesis and chemosensor evaluation

Abstract

AbstractWater pollution has become a serious issue, and mercury(II) ion (Hg(II)) is highly toxic even at low concentrations. Therefore, Hg(II) concentration should be strictly monitored. This study evaluated pyrazoline compounds as fluorescence chemosensor agents for Hg(II) detection. These compounds were prepared from vanillin via etherification, Claisen–Schmidt, and cyclocondensation reactions, to yield benzothiazole–pyrazoline–styrene hybrid compounds. The hybrid compound without styrene was successfully synthesized in 97.70% yield with limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantification (LoQ) values of 323.5 and 1078 μM, respectively. Conversely, the hybrid compound was produced in 97.29% yield with the LoD and LoQ values of 8.94 and 29.79 nM, respectively. Further spectroscopic investigations revealed that Hg(II) ions can either chelate with three nitrogen of pyridine, pyrazoline, and benzothiazole structures or two oxygen of vanillin and styrene. Furthermore, the hybrid compound was successfully applied in the direct quantification of Hg(II) ions in tap and underground water samples with a validity of 91.63% and 86.08%, respectively, compared with mercury analyzer measurement. The regeneration of pyrazoline was also easily achieved via the addition of an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution. These findings show the promising application of the benzothiazole–pyrazoline–styrene hybrid compound for Hg(II) monitoring in real environmental samples.