Cervicovaginal Papanicolaou tests in transgender men: Cytomorphologic alterations, interpretation considerations, and clinical implications

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundThe transgender population faces unique psychosocial and physical obstacles to cervical cancer screening. Additionally, most individuals undergo masculinizing testosterone hormone therapy, and the physiologic changes can cause cytomorphologic alterations that may mimic lesions. Although the literature on cervicovaginal cytology is growing in this patient population, it is still limited.MethodsThe pathology information system was queried for all Papanicolaou (Pap) tests from transgender men from January 2013 to February 2023. The original diagnostic categories were catalogued. Cases were reviewed to evaluate the cytomorphologic alterations. Clinical data were also sought, including whether the sample was self‐collected. Two comparison groups were established: one was a postpartum atrophic group and the other was an all‐comer group.ResultsA total of 51 cases from 43 individuals were identified, with a mean age of 31 years. Approximately a third of cases (18 of 51; 35%) were self‐collected. The abnormal rate was low, with 5.9% of cases rendered atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance on original review and no lesions identified. The Pap unsatisfactory rate according to original reports was 3.9%. This increased to 13.7% when the cases were rereviewed, which was significantly higher than the all‐comer comparison group. The unsatisfactory rate did not correlate with self‐collection. Atrophy was a prevalent cytomorphologic alteration, with the vast majority of cases (92%) showing at least mild atrophy. Small blue cells and transitional cell metaplasia were seen in many cases (53% and 43%, respectively).ConclusionsThere are clinical and morphologic considerations that are distinct to the transgender patient population. Laboratory personnel and diagnosticians need to be aware of these in order to optimize patient care.