Physicochemical, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of VEGF loaded PCL‐mPEG and PDGF loaded PCL‐Chitosan dual layered vascular grafts

Abstract

AbstractThe present study has attempted to evaluate the endothelialization and smooth muscle regeneration efficiency of a novel dual‐layer small‐diameter vascular graft. Two types of layers (PCL‐mPEG‐VEGF and PCL‐Chitosan‐PDGF) were fabricated to find out the best layer giving endothelialization support for the lumen and unique contractile function for outer layer of blood vessels. Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) and chitosan were immobilized onto PCL surface by aminolysis‐based surface modification technique. Besides, Poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether (mPEG) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were directly blended with PCL. Morphological analysis of membranes ensured consistency of average fibers diameter with native extracellular matrix. A favorable interaction of PCL‐mPEG‐VEGF with cow pulmonary endothelial cells (CPAEs) and PCL‐Chitosan‐PDGF with rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (RBMSCs) was obtained during in vitro study. Controlled growth factor release patterns were found from both layers. Further, PCL‐mPEG‐VEGF exhibited endothelial markers expression properties from RBMSCs. Up‐regulation of SMCs markers expression was significantly ensured by the PCL‐Chitosan‐PDGF membrane. Thus, PCL‐mPEG‐VEGF and PCL‐Chitosan‐PDGF were preferred as inner and outer layers respectively of a finally prepared tubular hybrid tissue engineered small diameter vascular graft. Finally, the dual‐layer vascular graft was implanted onto a rat abdominal aorta model for 2 months. The extracted samples exhibited the presence of endothelial marker (ICAM 1) in the inner layer and smooth muscle cell marker (αSMA) in the outer layer as well as substantial amount of collagen deposition was observed in the both layers.