Cysteine, sodium metabisulfite, and glutathione enhance crosslinking between proteins during high moisture meat analog extrusion processing and may improve the fibrousness of the products

Abstract

AbstractBACKGROUNDHigh moisture meat analog (HMMA) products processed using extrusion have become increasingly popular in the last few years. Because the formation of disulfide bonds is believed to play a critical role in the texturization mechanism, this study aimed to understand how chemical compounds capable of reducing disulfide bonds, specifically cysteine, sodium metabisulfite, and glutathione, affect the texture and the chemical interactions between the proteins.METHODWheat protein blended with cysteine, sodium metabisulfite, or glutathione at levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 g kg−1 was extruded at three different temperatures (115, 140, and 165 °C) using a co‐rotating twin‐screw extruder. The feed rate (85 g min−1), the moisture content (600 g kg−1), and the screw speed (300 rpm) were kept constant. Unextruded and extruded material was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, polymeric protein fractionation, and sulfhydryl group/disulfide bond analysis. Extruded samples were further analyzed for their hardness and their anisotropic index.RESULTSThe inclusion of reductants significantly affected the structure of the obtained extrudates. Although reducing agents had a relatively small impact on the total amount of disulfide bonds, their action significantly enhanced crosslinking between the proteins. At select conditions, samples with high fibrousness were specifically obtained when cysteine or sodium metabisulfite was included at levels of 5.0 g kg−1.DISCUSSIONIn the presence of reducing agents, it is believed that disulfide bonds are split earlier during the process without binding to them, giving the protein strands more time to unravel and align, leading to a better flow behavior and more fibrous products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.