Growing teratoma syndrome in children and adolescents: Prevalence and surgical outcome

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionPatients affected by metastatic germ cell tumors may occasionally experience enlargement of masses with concurrent normalization of tumor markers during or after chemotherapy. This phenomenon is described as growing teratoma syndrome (GTS). The aim of the pre sent study is to assess the prevalence of GTS in the pediatric population and its implications in terms of surgical outcome.Patients and methodsThe clinical notes of patients diagnosed with stage III and IV malignant germ cell tumors from January 2010 until December 2020 at our Institution were retrospectively reviewed. The prevalence of GTS, treatment strategies, survival, and outcome were analyzed.ResultsThirty‐three patients with high‐stage malignant germ cell tumors were diagnosed in our institution in the analyzed period. Nine patients (28%) had radiologic evidence of enlargement of persistent masses with normal markers after chemotherapy; these patients were classified as GTS patients. All nine patients underwent resection of metastatic lymph nodes, and six had surgery on visceral metastases. In six patients, radical excision of all metastatic sites was achieved; five patients are alive and in complete remission, while one died because of peri‐operative complications. Out of the three patients who could not achieve radical excision of the metastases, two died of progressive disease, and one is alive with progressive disease.ConclusionsPatients affected by GTS have a risk of progression of chemotherapy‐resistant disease and death. Radical surgical excision is essential to achieve disease control and long‐term survival.