Affiliation:
1. Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Santo Tomas España Boulevard Manila Philippines Center for Advanced Materials and Technologies-CEZAMAT Warsaw University of Technology 02-822 Warsaw Poland
2. Department of Electrode Processes Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland Department of Chemistry College of Arts & Sciences Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan Corrales Street Cagayan de Oro Philippines
3. Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences and Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Santo Tomas España Boulevard Manila Philippines
4. Department of Chemistry Sacred Heart College (Autonomous) Pandit Karuppan Rd, Thevara Ernakulam Kerala India
Abstract
AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogen that infects wounds and burns and causes severe infections in immunocompromised humans. The high virulence, the rise of antibiotic‐resistant strains, and the easy transmissibility of P. aeruginosa necessitate its fast detection and control. The gold standard for detecting P. aeruginosa, the plate culture method, though reliable, takes several days to complete. Therefore, developing accurate, rapid, and easy‐to‐use diagnostic tools for P. aeruginosa is highly desirable. Nanomaterial‐based biosensors are at the forefront of detecting P. aeruginosa and its secondary metabolites. This review summarises the biorecognition elements, biomarkers, immobilisation strategies, and current state‐of‐the‐art biosensors for P. aeruginosa. The review highlights the underlying principles of bioreceptor layer engineering and the design of optical, electrochemical, mass‐based, and thermal biosensors based on nanomaterials. The advantages and disadvantages of these biosensors and their future point‐of‐care applications are also discussed. This review outlines significant advancements in biosensors and sensors for detecting P. aeruginosa and its metabolites. Research efforts have identified biorecognition elements specific and selective towards P. aeruginosa. The stability, ease of preparation, cost‐effectiveness, and integration of these biorecognition elements onto transducers are pivotal for their application in biosensors and sensors. At the same time, when developing sensors for clinically significant analytes such as P. aeruginosa, virulence factors need to be addressed, such as the sensor‘s sensitivity, reliability, and response time in samples obtained from patients. The point‐of‐care applicability of the developed sensor may be an added advantage since it enables onsite determination. In this context, optical methods developed for P. aeruginosa offer promising potential.
Funder
Department of Science and Technology, Philippines