Affiliation:
1. Department of Pathology Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
2. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Services VA Portland Medical Center Portland Oregon USA
3. Department of Neurology Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
4. Department of Neurology VA Portland Medical Center Portland Oregon USA
5. VA VISN20 Northwest Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center Portland Oregon USA
6. Department of Behavioral Neuroscience Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon USA
Abstract
ABSTRACTBackgroundTrauma‐related disorders such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are emerging as risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD), but their association with development of PD and independence from comorbid disorders remains unknown.ObjectiveTo examine TBI and PTSD related to early trauma in military veterans using a case‐control study.MethodsPD was identified by International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code, recurrent PD‐specific prescriptions, and availability of 5+ years of earlier records. Validation was performed by chart review by a movement disorder–trained neurologist. Control subjects were matched 4:1 by age, duration of preceding health care, race, ethnicity, birth year, and sex. TBI and PTSD were identified by ICD code and onset based on active duty. Association and interaction were measured for TBI and PTSD with PD going back 60 years. Interaction was measured for comorbid disorders.ResultsA total of 71,933 cases and 287,732 controls were identified. TBI and PTSD increased odds of subsequent PD at all preceding 5‐year intervals back to year −60 (odds ratio range: 1.5 [1.4, 1.7] to 2.1 [2.0, 2.1]). TBI and PTSD showed synergism (synergy index range: 1.14 [1.09, 1.29] to 1.28 [1.09, 1.51]) and additive association (odds ratio range: 2.2 [1.6, 2.8] to 2.7 [2.5, 2.8]). Chronic pain and migraine showed greatest synergy with PTSD and TBI. Effect sizes for trauma‐related disorders were comparable with established prodromal disorders.ConclusionsTBI and PTSD are associated with later PD and are synergistic with chronic pain and migraine. These findings provide evidence for TBI and PTSD as risk factors preceding PD by decades and could aid in prognostic calculation and earlier intervention. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Subject
Neurology (clinical),Neurology