Investigating the mechanism of action of ginkgolides and bilobalide on absence seizures in maleWAG/Rij rats

Abstract

AbstractThe effects of a single and multiple doses of ginkgolide A, B, C, and bilobalide, active components ofGinkgo bilobaextract (EGb 761), on absence seizures were investigated in male WAG/Rij rats, a genetic animal model of absence epilepsy. Furthermore, the interactions of ginkgolide A together with NMDA receptor antagonist MK‐801, AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (CNQX), or L‐type calcium channel blocker nicardipine were studied to figure out how ginkgolide A affects spike–wave discharges (SWDs) in the brain. The experiments were done using 6–8‐month‐old male WAG/Rij rats with infusion cannula and EEG electrode implanted. Ginkgolide A, B, C, and bilobalide were administered intraperitoneally for 7 days at a dose of 6 mg/kg. In interaction groups, 6 μg ginkgolide A was injected intracerebroventricularly in combination with MK‐801 (10 μg), CNQX (1 μg), and nicardipine (50 μg) for 7 days. EEG was recorded from animals at the baseline, first dose, and seventh dose periods for 4 h. Ginkgolide A (p = .028), C (p = .046), and bilobalide (p = .043) significantly increased the frequency of SWDs in WAG/Rij rats. Ginkgolide A injected into the lateral ventricle with MK‐801 (p = .046), CNQX (p = .043), and nicardipine (p = .046) significantly increased the number of SWDs after seventh dose. Finally, the EGb 761‐related increase in absence epilepsy was determined to be caused by ginkgolide A, C, and bilobalide. All three receptor antagonists/channel blockers do not inhibit the pro‐absence effect of ginkgolide A. The findings revealed that ginkgolide A's pro‐absence effect is mediated by brain circuits other than ionotropic glutamate receptors or L‐type calcium channels.