Skin Thermal Management for Subcutaneous Photoelectric Conversion Reaching 500 mW

Abstract

AbstractDespite possessing higher tissue transmittance and maximum permissible exposure power density for skin relative to other electromagnetic waves, second near‐infrared light (1000–1350 nm) is scarcely applicable to subcutaneous photoelectric conversion, owing to the companion photothermal effect. Here, skin thermal management is conceived to utmostly utilize the photothermal effect of a photovoltaic cell, which not only improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency but also eliminates skin hyperthermia. In vivo, the output power can be higher than 500 mW with a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 9.4%. This output power is promising to recharge all the clinically applied implantable devices via wireless power transmission, that is, clinical pacemakers (6–200 µW), drug pumps (0.5–2 mW), cochlear (5–40 mW), and wireless endo‐photo cameras (≈100 mW).