Engineered Probiotic Bio‐Heterojunction with Robust Antibiofilm Modality via “Eating” Extracellular Polymeric Substances for Wound Regeneration

Abstract

AbstractThe compact three‐dimensional (3D) structure of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) within biofilms significantly hinders the penetration of antimicrobial agents, making biofilm eradication challenging and resulting in persistent biofilm‐associated infections. To address this challenge, a solution is proposed: a probiotic bio‐heterojunction (P‐bioHJ) combining Lactobacillus rhamnosus with MXene (Ti3C2) quantum dots (MQDs)/FeS heterojunction. This innovation aims to break down the saccharides in EPS, enabling effective combat against biofilm‐associated infections. Initially, the P‐bioHJ targets saccharides through metabolic processes, causing the collapse of EPS and allowing infiltration into bacterial colonies. Simultaneously, upon exposure to near‐infrared (NIR) irradiation, the P‐bioHJ produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thermal energy, deploying physical mechanisms to combat bacterial biofilms effectively. Following antibiofilm treatment, the P‐bioHJ adjusts the oxidative environment, reduces wound inflammation by scavenging ROS, boosts antioxidant enzyme activity, and mitigates the NF‐κB inflammatory pathway, thereby accelerating wound healing. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirm the exceptional antibiofilm, antioxidant/anti‐inflammatory, and wound‐regeneration properties of P‐bioHJ. In conclusion, this study provides a promising approach for treating biofilm‐related infections.